What is most difficult and dangerous for us moderns in the study of history is to overcome the tendency to see our malice reflected in the actions of those who lived in a time not yet corrupted by marketing. We are inclined to find, always, deceit and self-interest behind every act and every word, when, in truth, not to go into the moral question, these did not reward with the generosity and security that they do now. To the modern mind purity of intention and acting without expecting anything in return are strange; therefore, in order to understand well some past lives, it is necessary, first of all, to undergo an evolution.
Although Simplifications Such as Manichaeism…
Although simplifications such as Manichaeism are criticized, the practical world allows, and sometimes requires such simplifications. When good faith and bad faith confront each other, it is fundamental, first of all, to denounce them. Thus, when one notices that most ideological disputes boil down to that primary confrontation, one must throw ideologies aside and stick to what is most important of all; otherwise, one enters the cunning game of bad faith.
Virtue Is Simple and Vice Complex
Certainly it has already been noted that virtue is simple and vice complex. Virtue does not disguise itself, and almost always presents itself as banal, boring, dull, which often misleads about its nature. Vice, on the other hand, is difficult for us to see right away as vice: compared to virtue, it has a more charming, more instigating presentation. Virtue is simple because, to justify it, one never needs more than a handful of words or immediate common sense; vice, on the other hand, makes use of more sophisticated possibilities of argument, and its dialectic convinces precisely because of its sophistication. Reflection on such qualities seems to suggest a dualism between form and content—and the conclusions we draw show, unwillingly, which one we value more.
It Is Beneficial for the Moralist…
To a certain extent, it is beneficial for the moralist to be able to identify falsehood from afar, so that an inflection or a glance is enough to reveal a character. Pragmatically, this ability will be of use to him throughout his life. There is, however, an inevitable side-effect: realizing its near omnipresence, he must either tolerate it or turn away. If he has learned to detest it, if he has taken an invincible repulsion to it, he will fall into that rare practice which is now called a personality disorder, and even if, for whatever reason, he ends up giving in to the torture which his contact with the world will become, it is only in that that he will find his peace.